Souvenir
In comparison with the color
woodblock prints that were manufactured in the big cities such as
Edo and Osaka, the Nagasaki print differs in many ways. The often,
rather naive style of these prints gives them a 'primitive',
rustic impression. But like their counterparts in Edo, the
Nagasaki prints lack the pretension of fine art. For a small
amount of money it was possible for a traveller to Nagasaki to
purchase a Nagasaki print and so cherish the memory of these
curious Westerners for a long time. In this way the Nagasaki print
served as souvenir prints, and were an inexhaustible source for
all kinds of stories about the 'red-haired barbarians'.
Kappa-zuri
In contrast to the Ukiyo-e print,
the Nagasaki prints show in general a limited palette because the
colors were painted by hand or applied with the so-called stencil
method (kappa-zuri or kappazuri-e). Nagasaki prints
are seldomly signed and also publisher marks are added
sporadically. The earliest woodblock prints from Nagasaki include
city maps which were already produced in the early 18th Century.
Hariya
Among the earliest publishers are
Hariya, followed by Toshi Maya and Yamatoya Bunkindõ, the latter
known for the largest production of designs. In the historical
development of the Japanese print, the Nagasaki print has a
special place and shows in its own striking manner how the Dutch,
for a long time the only Westerners allowed to stay in Japan, were
observed through the eyes of the Japanese.
Yamatoya
The woodblock prints of the
publisher Yamatoya, who already started publishing Nagasaki-e
from the early 19th Century, started (especially in technical
terms) to show more affinity with the Edo print. An example of
this development is the Nagasaki print depicting an American
Warship at sea in dramatic action. Like the woodblock prints from
the other Ukiyo-e genres, more blocks were used during the
printing process for the rendering of colors.
Five Themes
The print artists of Nagasaki have
depicted several aspects of the Dutch (Hollanders) and their life
at Deshima. In broad outline, the woodcuts can be arranged around
five themes. First of all, there are the views of Nagasaki, of
Deshima and the bay where the Dutch vessels put into port. The
next category is that of the prints of ships. Furthermore, the
daily life at Deshima and the court journey have been frequently
illustrated. The last theme involves the opening-up of Japan in
the mid-nineteenth century.
Role of the Nagasaki Print
On 18 August 1858, the Netherlands
signed as second nation a formal treaty of friendship and commerce
with Japan. The ports of Kôbe and Yokohama were opened for
consular settlements and the exchange of diplomatic
representatives now became possible. Donker Curtius, the last
Chief of Deshima, became the first official envoy to Japan.
Nagasaki was no longer the exclusive port town for foreign ships
and the Dutch were no longer the only foreigners in Japan. The
role of the Nagasaki print had come to an end, but as true
'souvenirs of Nagasaki' they still recall to mind the Dutch era in
Deshima.